Análise toxicológica dos canabinóides sintéticos e seus impactos na saúde pública.
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Data
2023-12
Tipo de documento
Artigo Científico
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Área do conhecimento
Ciências da Saúde
Modalidade de acesso
Acesso aberto
Editora
Autores
BOVE; ROHAMA; MATIL, Anne; Laiz; Rebecca
Orientador
FUJITA, Thiago Cezar
Coorientador
LAGO, Alessandra Fabiane
Resumo
INTRODUÇÃO: A cannabis sintética, também chamada de Spice, K2, K9, é uma droga de abuso associada a problemas de saúde pública, desencadeando reações adversas como intoxicação, taquicardia e tentativas de suicídio. Por ser um psicoativo emergente sem restrições legais ou prescrição médica, há escassez de informações clínicas sobre seus efeitos, dificultando o tratamento. Alguns canabinóides sintéticos têm efeitos potencializados em comparação com a cannabis, devido à maior afinidade com os receptores CB1 e CB2. A constante modificação estrutural exige aprimoramento dos métodos analíticos, como cromatografia gasosa e líquida, espectrometria de massas e espectroscopia de infravermelho de Fourier. A detecção no organismo é feita por análise biológica de fluidos corporais como urina, sangue, saliva e cabelo. OBJETIVO: Analisar a toxicidade dos canabinóides sintéticos e os danos causados por essa droga de abuso na sociedade brasileira. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa que visa analisar a toxicidade da cannabis sintética e seus impactos na saúde pública brasileira em seis etapas: identificação do tema, estabelecimento de critérios de inclusão/exclusão, seleção e categorização dos estudos, análise e interpretação dos resultados, e apresentação da revisão. A pesquisa abrangeu diversas fontes, como PubMed, Scielo, revistas científicas, congressos e websites governamentais, usando palavras-chave como "toxicology", "drugs", "synthetic", "psychoactive substance", "pharmacology", "substance", "cannabis" e "public health". A pergunta da pesquisa seguiu a estratégia PICO, com critérios de inclusão para artigos completos em Português, Inglês e Espanhol. A categorização focou em temas relacionados à cannabis sintética, sua toxicidade e impactos na saúde pública, com revisões regulares para garantir fidelidade ao estudo. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente foram identificados na base de dados 73 artigos, sendo excluídos 2 artigos por não se encontrarem nos idiomas selecionados. Foram selecionados apenas 37 artigos para finalização do estudo para leitura íntegra. Os órgãos de controle enfrentam uma considerável dificuldade em localizar um teste eficiente para a identificação ágil e precisa de canabinoides sintéticos ou seus metabólitos. Embora existam testes para detectar alguns desses metabólitos, as constantes formulações inovadoras prejudicam a eficácia dessas identificações, resultando na obsolescência de alguns testes anteriormente considerados atualizados. CONCLUSÃO: Os canabinoides sintéticos representam um desafio crescente para a saúde pública devido ao seu perfil químico, efeitos humanos, toxicidade e potencial de dependência. A constante mudança estrutural dificulta a fiscalização e contornar os controles legais. Portanto, a modernização da legislação de controle, a disponibilização de testes laboratoriais e o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre os efeitos são cruciais para abordar esse problema alarmante.
BACKGROUND: Synthetic cannabis, also known as Spice, K2, K9, is a substance of abuse associated with public health issues, triggering adverse reactions such as intoxication, tachycardia, and suicide attempts. As an emerging psychoactive substance without legal restrictions or medical prescription, there is a shortage of clinical information about its effects, complicating treatment. Some synthetic cannabinoids have potent effects four to five times greater than natural cannabis due to their higher affinity with CB1 and CB2 receptors. The constant structural modification necessitates enhancement of analytical methods, such as gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection in the body is performed through biological analysis of bodily fluids like urine, blood, saliva, and hair. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids and the harm caused by this substance of abuse in Brazilian society. METHOD: This is an integrative review aimed at analyzing the toxicity of synthetic cannabis and its impacts on public health in Brazil in six stages: identification of the theme, establishment of inclusion/exclusion criteria, selection and categorization of studies, analysis and interpretation of results, and presentation of the review. The research covered various sources such as PubMed, Scielo, scientific journals, conferences, and government websites, using keywords such as "toxicology," "drugs," "synthetic," "psychoactive substance," "pharmacology," "substance," "cannabis," and "public health." The research question followed the PICO strategy, with inclusion criteria for full articles in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Categorization focused on topics related to synthetic cannabis, its toxicity, and impacts on public health, with regular reviews to ensure fidelity to the study. RESULTS: Initially, 73 articles were identified in the database, with 2 articles being excluded because they were not found in the selected languages. Only 37 articles were selected to complete the study for complete reading.The control organs face considerable difficulty in finding an efficient test for the prompt and accurate identification of synthetic cannabinoids or their metabolites. Although there are tests to detect some of these metabolites, constant innovative formulations impair the effectiveness of these identifications, resulting in the obsolescence of some tests previously considered up-to-date. CONCLUSION: Synthetic cannabinoids pose a growing challenge to public health due to their chemical profile, human effects, toxicity, and potential for dependence. The constant structural changes make regulation difficult, circumventing legal controls. Therefore, modernizing control legislation, providing laboratory tests, and deepening knowledge about the effects are crucial to address this alarming issue.
BACKGROUND: Synthetic cannabis, also known as Spice, K2, K9, is a substance of abuse associated with public health issues, triggering adverse reactions such as intoxication, tachycardia, and suicide attempts. As an emerging psychoactive substance without legal restrictions or medical prescription, there is a shortage of clinical information about its effects, complicating treatment. Some synthetic cannabinoids have potent effects four to five times greater than natural cannabis due to their higher affinity with CB1 and CB2 receptors. The constant structural modification necessitates enhancement of analytical methods, such as gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection in the body is performed through biological analysis of bodily fluids like urine, blood, saliva, and hair. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids and the harm caused by this substance of abuse in Brazilian society. METHOD: This is an integrative review aimed at analyzing the toxicity of synthetic cannabis and its impacts on public health in Brazil in six stages: identification of the theme, establishment of inclusion/exclusion criteria, selection and categorization of studies, analysis and interpretation of results, and presentation of the review. The research covered various sources such as PubMed, Scielo, scientific journals, conferences, and government websites, using keywords such as "toxicology," "drugs," "synthetic," "psychoactive substance," "pharmacology," "substance," "cannabis," and "public health." The research question followed the PICO strategy, with inclusion criteria for full articles in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Categorization focused on topics related to synthetic cannabis, its toxicity, and impacts on public health, with regular reviews to ensure fidelity to the study. RESULTS: Initially, 73 articles were identified in the database, with 2 articles being excluded because they were not found in the selected languages. Only 37 articles were selected to complete the study for complete reading.The control organs face considerable difficulty in finding an efficient test for the prompt and accurate identification of synthetic cannabinoids or their metabolites. Although there are tests to detect some of these metabolites, constant innovative formulations impair the effectiveness of these identifications, resulting in the obsolescence of some tests previously considered up-to-date. CONCLUSION: Synthetic cannabinoids pose a growing challenge to public health due to their chemical profile, human effects, toxicity, and potential for dependence. The constant structural changes make regulation difficult, circumventing legal controls. Therefore, modernizing control legislation, providing laboratory tests, and deepening knowledge about the effects are crucial to address this alarming issue.
Palavras-chave
Canabinoides sintéticos, Toxicologia, Saúde pública, Drogas de abuso, Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NPS), Impactos sociais, Métodos de detecção, Legislação, Impactos na saúde, Consumo juvenil