A importância da fenotipagem sanguínea para o tratamento transfusional da talassemia: uma revisão de literatura.
Nenhuma Miniatura disponível
Data
2023-12
Tipo de documento
Monografia
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Área do conhecimento
Modalidade de acesso
Acesso aberto
Editora
Autores
AMORIM, Italy Jheneffy Martins de
PERES, Luana Karoline Moura
Orientador
Ferreira, Sarah de Sousa
Coorientador
Resumo
As hemoglobinopatias são as doenças hematológicas hereditárias mais comuns e difundidas pelo mundo, são compostas por um grupo de anemias hereditárias complexas, sendo uma das mais frequentes a talassemia, causada pela falta ou redução de síntese em uma ou mais cadeias de hemoglobina. Clinicamente as talassemias englobam desde pacientes assintomáticos até a sua deficiência mais grave onde serão necessárias transfusões sanguíneas. Assim, a fenotipagem eritrocitária é uma ferramenta profilática em relação à aloimunização, demonstrando importância por meio da prevenção das reações transfusionais, sendo para o paciente politransfundido, o grande diferencial, pois minimizam os riscos de efeito indesejável. Assim, ao observar as lacunas existentes referente ao tema em questão, elaborou-se uma revisão de literatura com artigos já publicados com ênfase na disseminação do conhecimento destacando a importância da fenotipagem sanguínea em pacientes com essa patologia. Os artigos usados como referência encontram-se disponíveis nas bases de dados Scielo, Pubmed e Google Acadêmico. No Brasil, não há variedade de estudos que tenham investigado a ocorrência de aloimunização exclusivamente em paciente talassêmico, porém há diversos trabalhos que mostram a frequência de anticorpos irregulares em politransfundidos. Sabendo da importância da fenotipagem eritrocitária, os testes imunohematológicos possuem a capacidade de detectar na membrana da hemácia, os antígenos de grupos sanguíneos e, no soro ou plasma, os anticorpos dirigidos contra antígenos eritrocitários. Portanto, pacientes que necessitam de tratamento com múltiplas transfusões, é necessário realizar a fenotipagem sanguínea do paciente e do hemocomponente, para identificação de fenótipos compatíveis onde irá precautelar risco de reações transfusionais devido a aloimunização.
Hemoglobinopathies are the most common and widespread hereditary hematological diseases throughout the world, they are composed of a group of complex hereditary anemias, one of the most frequent of which is thalassemia, it is caused by the lack or reduction of synthesis in one or more hemoglobin chains, clinically Thalassemia ranges from asymptomatic patients to the most severe deficiency where blood transfusions will be required. Thus, erythrocyte phenotyping is a prophylactic tool in relation to alloimmunization, demonstrating importance through the prevention of transfusion reactions, being the great difference for the polytransfused patient, as they minimize the risks of undesirable effects. Thus, when observing the existing gaps regarding the topic in question, we noted the feasibility of preparing a literature review with articles already published with an emphasis on disseminating knowledge, highlighting the importance of blood phenotyping in patients with this pathology. The articles used as references are available in the Scielo, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. In Brazil, there is no variety of studies that have investigated the occurrence of alloimmunization exclusively in thalassemic patients, however there are several studies that show the frequency of irregular antibodies in polytransfused patients. Knowing the importance of erythrocyte phenotyping, immunohematological tests have the ability to detect, on the red cell membrane, blood group antigens and, in serum or plasma, antibodies directed against erythrocyte antigens. Therefore, patients who require multiple transfusions as treatment, it is necessary to carry out blood phenotyping of the patient and the blood component, to identify compatible phenotypes which will prevent the risk of transfusion reactions due to alloimmunization.
Hemoglobinopathies are the most common and widespread hereditary hematological diseases throughout the world, they are composed of a group of complex hereditary anemias, one of the most frequent of which is thalassemia, it is caused by the lack or reduction of synthesis in one or more hemoglobin chains, clinically Thalassemia ranges from asymptomatic patients to the most severe deficiency where blood transfusions will be required. Thus, erythrocyte phenotyping is a prophylactic tool in relation to alloimmunization, demonstrating importance through the prevention of transfusion reactions, being the great difference for the polytransfused patient, as they minimize the risks of undesirable effects. Thus, when observing the existing gaps regarding the topic in question, we noted the feasibility of preparing a literature review with articles already published with an emphasis on disseminating knowledge, highlighting the importance of blood phenotyping in patients with this pathology. The articles used as references are available in the Scielo, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. In Brazil, there is no variety of studies that have investigated the occurrence of alloimmunization exclusively in thalassemic patients, however there are several studies that show the frequency of irregular antibodies in polytransfused patients. Knowing the importance of erythrocyte phenotyping, immunohematological tests have the ability to detect, on the red cell membrane, blood group antigens and, in serum or plasma, antibodies directed against erythrocyte antigens. Therefore, patients who require multiple transfusions as treatment, it is necessary to carry out blood phenotyping of the patient and the blood component, to identify compatible phenotypes which will prevent the risk of transfusion reactions due to alloimmunization.
Palavras-chave
talassemia, hemoglopinopatias, transfusão, fenotipagem, hematologia