A morte de Ivan Ilitch, uma ótica fenomenológico-existencial sobre a finitude
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Data
2020-12-28
Tipo de documento
Monografia
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Área do conhecimento
Ciências Humanas
Modalidade de acesso
Acesso aberto
Editora
Autores
Sodré, Ícaro Ryad Andrade
Silva, Larissa Felix da
Orientador
Reis, Beatriz Andrade Oliveira
Coorientador
Resumo
A finitude humana é objeto de interesse e de estudo através de diversas áreas do conhecimento, abordando diferentes métodos de análise que buscam decifrar ou apenas compreender esses processos biológicos ou sócio-históricos. Entretanto, diferentemente dos modelos científicos tradicionais que compreendem o ser humano através da decomposição de suas partes em fragmentos considerados menos complexos. Tal lógica considera possível que, compreendendo como cada fragmento funciona, tem-se o entendimento do funcionamento do todo complexo, e o estudo sobre a morte partindo deste referencial teórico não é diferente. Os aspectos sócio-históricos na busca da compreensão do fenômeno da finitude, por outro lado, buscam compreender como um contexto cultural em determinado período de tempo compreende ou mesmo lidam com as nuances da morte e do morrer como ato, ou seja, buscam analisar como um grupo social seja em micro ou macro escala compreende a finitude e como está relacionada dentro dessa cultura. Com outra linha de pesquisa, a Fenomenologia-Existencial pretende analisar o fenômeno da finitude através do modo como este é percebido, compreendido, e expressado pelo sujeito individual. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo: analisar o fenômeno da finitude na obra literária “A morte de Ivan Ilitch”, do renomado autor russo, Liev Tolstói. Como base teórica para essa análise literária, buscaremos trazer contribuições de renomados filósofos existencialistas, bem como autores que fortemente contribuíram para o avanço e consolidação do método Fenomenológico-Existencial. Personalidades que contribuíam com a filosofia existencialista como Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Sören Kierkegaard, dentre outros que tiveram suas principais teorias utilizadas como base para compreender o fenômeno da finitude alavancada na obra analisada, tendo como base necessariamente, os relatos narrados do personagem Ivan Ilitch. Essa noção de tratar a finitude como um fenômeno, e não uma coisa simplesmente dada como o ato de morrer, bem como a utilização dos relatos de quem está de fato vivenciando tal fenômeno, como base para compreender o processo de finitude deste, são embasados também no método Fenomenológico, ou seja, em desvelar o fenômeno pelo próprio apresentar do fenômeno. Portanto, apresentamos o método Fenomenológico como mecanismo de compreensão, ou melhor, como um método de aproximação e apropriação do fenômeno tal qual ele se apresenta, a partir do próprio personagem. A utilização de teóricos e pensadores existencialistas para embasar as falas do personagem Ivan Ilitch, uma vez apoiando-se no método Fenomenológico como ferramenta de busca e desvelamento do fenômeno finitude, tem como objetivo a compreensão única e exclusivamente da finitude deste, ressaltando a premissa existencialista de que, todo ser humano é único e em abertura, abertura essa que o joga para um universo de possibilidades incertas e que necessitam de atribuição de sentidos também próprias para este, entretanto com uma única certeza, qual seja, a finitude. Apesar de ser fenômenos atribuídos a um contexto literário, analisar a presente obra, utilizando-se do modelo Fenomenológico Existencial, permite que possamos compreender as diferentes percepções acerca da finitude.
Human finiteness is object of interest and study in several areas of knowledge, addressing different methods of analysis that seek to decipher or just understand from biological to socio-historical processes. However, unlike traditional scientific models that understand the human being through the decomposition of its parts into less complex fragments. Such logic considers the possibility that, in understanding how each fragment works, there is an understanding of the functioning of the whole complex, and the study of death based on this theoretical framework is no different. Socio-historical aspects in the search for understanding the phenomenon of finitude, on the other hand, seek to understand how a cultural context in a certain period of time comprehends or even deals with the nuances of death and dying as an act, that is, they pursue to analyze how a social group, whether on a micro or macro scale, understands finitude and how it is connected with that culture. With another line of research, Existential Phenomenology intends to analyze the phenomenon of finitude through the way it is perceived, understood and expressed by the person as an individual. Under this light, the present work aims to analyze the phenomenon of finitude in the literary work “The death of Ivan Ilitch”, by the renowned Russian author, Liev Tolstói. As theoretical basis for this literary analysis, we will seek to present contributions from renowned existentialist philosophers, as well as authors who strongly contributed to the advancement and consolidation of the Existential Phenomenological method. Personalities who contributed to existentialist philosophy such as Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Sören Kierkegaard, among others who had their main theories used as a basis for understanding the phenomenon of leveraged finitude in the work in question, based necessarily on the reports narrated by Ivan Ilitch’s character. This idea of treating finitude as a phenomenon and not something simply given in the act of dying, as well as the use of the reports of those who are actually experiencing such phenomenon, as a foundation for the understanding of its finitude process, are also based in the Phenomenological method, that is, in unveiling the phenomenon by presenting the phenomenon itself. Therefore, Phenomenological method is presented as a mechanism of understanding, or rather, as a method of approaching and appropriating the phenomenon as it appears, as of the character itself. The use of existentialist theorists and thinkers to support the speeches of Ivan Ilitch’s character, once relying on the Phenomenological method as a instrument for the search and unveiling of the phenomenon of finitude, aims at the unique and exclusive understanding of its finiteness, emphasizing the existentialist premise that every human being is unique and open, an opening that launches him into a universe of uncertain possibilities and that needs to be assigned meanings that are also proper for him, but with a single certainty, that is finitude. Despite being phenomena attributed to a literary context, analyzing this study using the Existential Phenomenological model allows us to understand the different perceptions about finitude.
Human finiteness is object of interest and study in several areas of knowledge, addressing different methods of analysis that seek to decipher or just understand from biological to socio-historical processes. However, unlike traditional scientific models that understand the human being through the decomposition of its parts into less complex fragments. Such logic considers the possibility that, in understanding how each fragment works, there is an understanding of the functioning of the whole complex, and the study of death based on this theoretical framework is no different. Socio-historical aspects in the search for understanding the phenomenon of finitude, on the other hand, seek to understand how a cultural context in a certain period of time comprehends or even deals with the nuances of death and dying as an act, that is, they pursue to analyze how a social group, whether on a micro or macro scale, understands finitude and how it is connected with that culture. With another line of research, Existential Phenomenology intends to analyze the phenomenon of finitude through the way it is perceived, understood and expressed by the person as an individual. Under this light, the present work aims to analyze the phenomenon of finitude in the literary work “The death of Ivan Ilitch”, by the renowned Russian author, Liev Tolstói. As theoretical basis for this literary analysis, we will seek to present contributions from renowned existentialist philosophers, as well as authors who strongly contributed to the advancement and consolidation of the Existential Phenomenological method. Personalities who contributed to existentialist philosophy such as Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Sören Kierkegaard, among others who had their main theories used as a basis for understanding the phenomenon of leveraged finitude in the work in question, based necessarily on the reports narrated by Ivan Ilitch’s character. This idea of treating finitude as a phenomenon and not something simply given in the act of dying, as well as the use of the reports of those who are actually experiencing such phenomenon, as a foundation for the understanding of its finitude process, are also based in the Phenomenological method, that is, in unveiling the phenomenon by presenting the phenomenon itself. Therefore, Phenomenological method is presented as a mechanism of understanding, or rather, as a method of approaching and appropriating the phenomenon as it appears, as of the character itself. The use of existentialist theorists and thinkers to support the speeches of Ivan Ilitch’s character, once relying on the Phenomenological method as a instrument for the search and unveiling of the phenomenon of finitude, aims at the unique and exclusive understanding of its finiteness, emphasizing the existentialist premise that every human being is unique and open, an opening that launches him into a universe of uncertain possibilities and that needs to be assigned meanings that are also proper for him, but with a single certainty, that is finitude. Despite being phenomena attributed to a literary context, analyzing this study using the Existential Phenomenological model allows us to understand the different perceptions about finitude.
Palavras-chave
Finitude, Fenomenologia, Existencialismo, Morte de Ivan Ilitch