Imunoterapias antitumorais: novas fronteiras terapêuticas e biotecnológicas na luta contra o câncer
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Data
2022-12-16
Tipo de documento
Monografia
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Área do conhecimento
Ciências da Saúde
Modalidade de acesso
Acesso aberto
Editora
Autores
Silva, Vinicius Gabriel Ribeiro da
Sarmento, Giovana Mirelly Medeiros
Orientador
Souza, Cássio Ricardo de Medeiros
Coorientador
Resumo
O câncer é uma doença multifatorial, capaz de atingir diferentes tecidos, cujas características mais comuns são o crescimento anormal e patológico de células, com potencial de invasão de outras partes do corpo, e é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Atualmente, a terapêutica do câncer é realizada principalmente através de protocolos de quimioterapia e radioterapia, empregando o uso de substâncias ou de radiação capazes de eliminar ou retardar o crescimento de células cancerígenas. Entretanto, dada a natureza inespecífica dos agentes terapêuticos, bem como a agressividade e evolução de certos tipos de tumor, muitas vezes o tratamento não é eficaz, e tecidos saudáveis também são atingidos durante o processo, causando inúmeros e graves efeitos colaterais aos pacientes. As imunoterapias são estratégias de tratamento que têm por objetivo modular o sistema imunológico do próprio paciente, visando melhorar sua capacidade de reação contra a doença através do uso de produtos biotecnológicos potencializadores da resposta imunológica antitumoral. Tendo em mente as problemáticas acerca da terapêutica do câncer e a importância de se explorar alternativas mais eficazes e menos agressivas de tratamento, esse trabalho se debruça sobre as imunoterapias antitumorais, a fim de elucidar suas aplicações, técnicas, mecanismos de ação, vantagens, desvantagens e debater sobre o futuro dessa área de conhecimento. O presente trabalho é uma revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa acerca dos métodos imunoterápicos contra o câncer já existentes e ainda em desenvolvimento. As informações revisadas foram organizadas em três grandes tópicos: 1) terapias tradicionais contra o câncer, onde discutimos aplicação e eficácia dos protocolos comumente usados na terapêutica, como quimioterapia e radioterapia; 2) resposta imune contra o câncer, onde discorremos sobre o vasto conhecimento acerca da imunidade natural contra tumores; e 3) imunoterapias contra o câncer, onde abordamos os principais protocolos imunoterápicos já em uso ou em desenvolvimento contra diversos tipos de tumores e neoplasias, como o uso de terapias baseadas em engenharia celular, desenvolvimento de vacinas contra o câncer e de anticorpos antitumorais. Por fim, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise prospectiva acerca das oportunidades de inovação e desenvolvimento no campo de imunoterapias antitumorais.
Cancer is a multifactorial disease, capable of affecting different tissues, whose most common characteristics are the abnormal and pathological growth of cells, with the potential to invade other parts of the body, and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Currently, cancer therapy is carried out mainly through chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols, employing the use of substances or radiation capable of eliminating or delaying the growth of cancer cells. However, given the non-specific nature of therapeutic agents, as well as the aggressiveness and evolution of certain types of tumor, the treatment is often not effective, and healthy tissues are also affected during the process, causing numerous and serious side effects to patients. Immunotherapies are treatment strategies that aim to modulate the patient's own immune system, aiming to improve their ability to react against the disease through the use of biotechnological products that enhance the antitumor immune response. Keeping in mind the issues surrounding cancer therapy and the importance of exploring more effective and less aggressive treatment alternatives, this work focuses on antitumor immunotherapies in order to elucidate their applications, techniques, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages and debate about the future of this area of knowledge. The present work is a literature review of the narrative type about immunotherapeutic methods against cancer that already exist and are still under development. The revised information was organized into three major topics: 1) traditional therapies against cancer, where we discuss the application and effectiveness of protocols commonly used in therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy; 2) immune response against cancer, where we discuss the vast knowledge about natural immunity against tumors; and 3) immunotherapies against cancer, where we address the main immunotherapeutic protocols already in use or under development against different types of tumors and neoplasms, such as the use of therapies based on cell engineering, development of vaccines against cancer and antitumor antibodies. Finally, this work presents a prospective analysis of opportunities for innovation and development in the field of antitumor immunotherapies.
Cancer is a multifactorial disease, capable of affecting different tissues, whose most common characteristics are the abnormal and pathological growth of cells, with the potential to invade other parts of the body, and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Currently, cancer therapy is carried out mainly through chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols, employing the use of substances or radiation capable of eliminating or delaying the growth of cancer cells. However, given the non-specific nature of therapeutic agents, as well as the aggressiveness and evolution of certain types of tumor, the treatment is often not effective, and healthy tissues are also affected during the process, causing numerous and serious side effects to patients. Immunotherapies are treatment strategies that aim to modulate the patient's own immune system, aiming to improve their ability to react against the disease through the use of biotechnological products that enhance the antitumor immune response. Keeping in mind the issues surrounding cancer therapy and the importance of exploring more effective and less aggressive treatment alternatives, this work focuses on antitumor immunotherapies in order to elucidate their applications, techniques, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages and debate about the future of this area of knowledge. The present work is a literature review of the narrative type about immunotherapeutic methods against cancer that already exist and are still under development. The revised information was organized into three major topics: 1) traditional therapies against cancer, where we discuss the application and effectiveness of protocols commonly used in therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy; 2) immune response against cancer, where we discuss the vast knowledge about natural immunity against tumors; and 3) immunotherapies against cancer, where we address the main immunotherapeutic protocols already in use or under development against different types of tumors and neoplasms, such as the use of therapies based on cell engineering, development of vaccines against cancer and antitumor antibodies. Finally, this work presents a prospective analysis of opportunities for innovation and development in the field of antitumor immunotherapies.
Palavras-chave
Câncer, Sistema imunológico, Imunoterapias, Biotecnologia